The most studied PRRs. Located on cell surfaces or endosomal membranes.
Do not study immunology in an isolated bubble. Integrate your notes with microbiology and pathology. For example, when reading about CD4+cap C cap D 4 raised to the positive power
First, it's important to understand the two main types of stroke:
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) mediated killing via perforins and granzymes. 4. B-Cell Activation and Humoral Immunity immunology notes dr najeeb lectures pdf new
The CD28 receptor on the T cell binds to B7-1 (CD80) or B7-2 (CD86) on the APC surface.
Dr. Najeeb has become a legend in medical education for one specific reason:
Found primarily on the surface of naive mature B cells acting as an antigen receptor alongside IgMcap I g cap M Somatic Recombination and Class Switching The most studied PRRs
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Here is a typical breakdown of the key topics you can expect:
[ Classical Pathway ] ----> Activated by Antigen-Antibody complexes (C1, C4, C2) [ Lectin Pathway ] ----> Activated by Mannose on microbial surfaces [ Alternative Pathway]----> Activated directly by Microbial cell walls (spontaneous C3 tickover) | v [ C3 Convertase ] | v [ C5 Convertase ] | ----------------------------------------------------- | | [ C5a & C3a ] [ C5b-C9 ] Chemotaxis & Anaphylatoxins Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) (Cell Lysis) The Three Pathways Initiated by antibodies ( IgMcap I g cap M IgGcap I g cap G ) binding to an antigen, which then binds the Integrate your notes with microbiology and pathology
Dr. Najeeb’s teaching methodology stands out because it relies heavily on hand-drawn illustrations and a first-principles approach. Instead of forcing students to memorize clinical facts, his lectures build a foundation from the ground up.
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Uses enzyme-labeled antibodies to detect and quantify specific antigens or antibodies in serum samples (e.g., initial screening for HIV).
The complement cascade is notoriously difficult to memorize. The lectures simplify this into three distinct activation pathways: